What is the term for the transfer of fuel, munitions, supplies, and personnel while ships are underway?

The term that describes the transfer of fuel, munitions, supplies, and personnel while ships are underway is "Replenishment at Sea." This process is essential in naval operations as it allows ships to maintain their operational readiness without having to return to port for resupply. During replenishment at sea, specialized vessels, such as fleet oilers or supply ships, transfer necessary materials to combat ships using various transfer methods, such as alongside replenishment or vertical replenishment using helicopters.

Understanding this term is crucial for personnel involved in naval operations and logistics, as it highlights the importance of sustaining naval forces and ensuring they can carry out their missions effectively without interruption. The other terms listed do not specifically refer to the at-sea transfer process; they encompass broader logistics or supply management concepts but lack the specific application to naval replenishment operations.